ラベル thesaurus の投稿を表示しています。 すべての投稿を表示
ラベル thesaurus の投稿を表示しています。 すべての投稿を表示

2017年1月19日木曜日

Reproducting words

Observing the case ("Love being drunk"), it is perhaps natural to find out that the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (HTOED) records plentiful ways of describing the fundamental act of human being, a copulation. There are obviously myriads of the expressions regarding the sexual behaviour, and the thesaurus records 67 variations under the subcategory of “having sexual intercourse.”

The first citation is “play” from Old English poem: as an intransitive verb in a sense of “ engaging in amorous play, to make love; to have sexual intercourse with.” 

“ming” (mingle) is the earliest example of a transitive verb in a sense of “causing to associate (sometimes spec. in sexual intercourse); to unite in marriage”

One of the most common four letter words appears in the 16th century, although the record is found further back in the part of surname like “Fukkebotere” (c1290) or “Fuckebegger” (1287). The recent inventions are "bonk" (transitive 1975) and "shack" (intransitive 1976).

Looking through the list, what caught my eyes is that there are a number of basic common verbs that began to take on such sexual meaning. For example, even up to the end of 14th century, the following transitive verb seems to have carried the note:
“have” (OE)“know” (c. 1200) “touch” (c. 1384)“deal” (a. 1387)“use” (a. 1387) “take” (c. 1390) 
The meaning of words in OED is of course ascertained by modern researchers and lexicographers, so that grasping them depends heavily on how they interpret and understand the context of the work. Nonetheless, it is interesting to observe that many common verbs turned to assume the sexual nuance. The semantic application implies the importance of and accessibility to “bedding” (c. 1315). 

2017年1月17日火曜日

Love being "drunk"


Besides OED, the OED online offers an access to the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. The huge volume of this thesaurus is first published in print in 2009 and became available online. It is a unique resource of the English language, utterly irresistible for word lovers, enabling users to narrow down the range of meanings of as many as 800,000 words, in 235,000 entry categories. It is unprecedented as it is not just a plain collection of synonyms but also “historical” records from Old English to the present-day English.

For example, the website offers an immediate access to the list of words related to “drunk.” In fact, a state of being “drunk” has produced the largest number of synonyms throughout the history of English: there are over 150 ways to refer to being “drunk”! Let’s take a brief overview of the synonyms from the beginning up to 15th century. The number in parentheses is the year first recorded, followed by the OED’s definition.
"Fordrunken" (c897) ---Drunk, overcome with drink.
"Drunken" (1050) ---Overcome by liquor; intoxicated; = drunk adj.
"cup-shotten" (c1330) --- cup-shot adj., being the earlier form.
"Drunk" (c1340) --- That has drunk intoxicating liquor to an extent which affects steady self-control; intoxicated, inebriated; overcome by alcoholic liquor.
"Inebriate" (1497) ---Inebriated, drunken; intoxicated (lit. and fig.). Often const. as pa. pple.
"Overseen" (c1500) ---Drunk, intoxicated. Freq. in overseen with drink (also wine,etc.). Obs. (Brit. regional in later use).
… and the number swells from the following century to more than a hundred! The latest entry is "rat-arsed" (drunk, intoxicated; = ratted), which appears in 1984.

From the number of these synonyms, it is easy to understand how much native speakers of English loves drinking! They have been in love wth drinking historically, creating so many different ways in describing their loving state over time.

This monumental achievement will open up a new perspective by which to look at English. The number of words reflects multiple expressions of human culture.